Preamps, Amps & Speakers

A turntable is only part of a complete record-playing setup.

While it spins the vinyl and reads the grooves, additional components are needed to amplify and deliver the sound. To fully experience records, the signal from the turntable needs to pass through a phono preamp (which boosts and equalizes the signal), then through an amplifier (which powers the speakers), and finally to the speakers themselves.

What is a phono preamp?

A phono preamp is an essential part of a record-playing setup, responsible for boosting the signal from the turntable to a level that can be processed by an amplifier. Turntables produce a very low-level signal that’s too weak to drive speakers on its own, and this signal also needs equalization to correct the frequency balance (called the RIAA curve) applied during the record-making process. The phono preamp performs both tasks, amplifying the signal and applying the necessary equalization, allowing the music to sound full and balanced. Phono preamps can be built into turntables, amplifiers, or available as separate components, and they are key to getting proper sound from vinyl records.

Confusingly, a preamp and a phono preamp are not the same.

A preamp (or preamplifier) boosts low-level audio signals from various sources (like CD players or streaming devices) to a level suitable for the main amplifier, while also managing input selection and volume control. Separate preamps are relatively rare these days. Integrated amplifiers with built-in preamps are more common.

As detailed above, a phono preamp is a specific type of preamp designed for turntables. It not only boosts the very low signal from a turntable but also applies an equalization curve (called the RIAA curve) to balance the sound frequencies, which is essential for vinyl playback.

What is an amplifier?

An amplifier is responsible for increasing the audio signal’s power to a level that can drive speakers. After the signal is boosted by the phono preamp, it reaches the amplifier, which further amplifies it to produce full, audible sound. Amplifiers are designed to power speakers with the right amount of energy, ensuring clear, balanced playback at various volume levels. They are available as standalone units or combined with other components in integrated amplifiers or receivers, and they play a central role in delivering the final output in any audio setup.

Integrated amplifiers and receivers combine multiple components in one unit for convenience.

Integrated Amplifier: An integrated amplifier combines both a preamp (for controlling inputs and volume) and a power amplifier (for driving the speakers) in one unit. With these two key functions in a single device, an integrated amplifier simplifies a setup by allowing you to manage source selection and amplify sound without needing separate components. Some integrated amplifiers also include a built-in phono preamp for turntables, making them an all-in-one option for record setups.

Receiver: A receiver includes all the functions of an integrated amplifier (preamp and power amplifier) but adds an FM/AM radio tuner and often additional features for modern audio and video systems. Many receivers also include a phono preamp and support for multiple sources, including digital inputs for home theater setups. For those looking to build a combined music and home entertainment system, a receiver is a versatile choice that covers a wide range of audio and video needs.

In summary, an integrated amplifier focuses on audio playback, combining preamp and amplifier functions in one unit, while a receiver adds radio capabilities and often extra connectivity options for a broader multimedia experience.

The difference between passive and active speakers.

Passive Speakers: Passive speakers don’t have built-in amplifiers and rely on an external amplifier or receiver for power. They connect to an amplifier using speaker cables, and the amplifier must provide the right amount of power to drive them effectively. Passive setups allow for more flexibility, as you can choose and upgrade your amplifier to tailor the sound to your preferences. This customization makes passive speakers a preferred choice for audiophiles looking to fine-tune their systems.

Active Speakers: Active speakers contain a built-in amplifier in each speaker (or in one speaker that powers the other in a pair), allowing them to plug directly into a power source. With no need for a separate amplifier, active speakers are easier to set up, typically connecting directly to an audio source like a turntable with a phono preamp, a computer, or a streaming device. Their convenience and compact design make active speakers ideal for those wanting a straightforward, all-in-one solution.

In short, passive speakers require an external amplifier and offer flexibility for custom setups, while active speakers have built-in amplifiers, providing a simpler, plug-and-play experience.

Passive speakers and amplifiers need to be properly matched.

When using passive speakers with an amplifier, it’s important to match them properly to ensure safe, high-quality sound. Two main factors to consider are power output and impedance:

Power Output: Amplifiers have a specified power output (measured in watts), which should align with the power handling range of the speakers. Matching within this range ensures that the amplifier can drive the speakers effectively without underpowering or overpowering them. Underpowering can lead to distorted sound, while overpowering risks damaging the speakers.

Impedance: Both amplifiers and speakers have an impedance rating, measured in ohms (Ω). It’s essential to match the amplifier’s impedance range with the speaker’s rating (often 4, 6, or 8 ohms). An impedance mismatch can cause the amplifier to work too hard, potentially leading to overheating or sound distortion.